Stone Bridge https://www.forthroadbridge.org/ Blog about the biggest bridges in the world Tue, 01 Nov 2022 14:00:48 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.0 https://www.forthroadbridge.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/cropped-logo-32x32.jpg Stone Bridge https://www.forthroadbridge.org/ 32 32 Top 5 Unique Bridges in the World https://www.forthroadbridge.org/top-5-unique-bridges-in-the-world/ Tue, 01 Nov 2022 14:00:43 +0000 https://www.forthroadbridge.org/?p=118 A bridge used to be a purely pragmatic structure. It needed to be steady and reliable to bring the rational […]

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A bridge used to be a purely pragmatic structure. It needed to be steady and reliable to bring the rational convenience of the area to a whole new level. But thanks to the panhuman craving for beauty and aesthetics, the unremarkable pieces of infrastructure were able to turn into art pieces.

We’d like to share with you the ones that do not just please the eye or satisfy the pragmatic needs but truly stand out. Here is our list of the top 5 unique bridges from all across the globe.

The Moses Bridge

The story of the Moses bridge is not so much a religious one. Yes, certain associations come to mind when we see a waterbody divided by a path. While Moses did impossible to save his travel companions by creating a passage in the Red Sea with a single move of his arm, the Dutch architects did what they could to save the integrity of a historic site.

The area where the Moses bridge is located used to be a fortress (Fort de Roovere) surrounded by moats. When it was time to do some restoration work, the architects needed to cross the water. Instead of making a shortcut and building a regular bridge, they decided to invest their time and effort into constructing a one-of-a-kind trench bridge. The architects wanted the place to keep its historically harmonious look, with no contemporary detail sticking out too much.

The thoughtful team succeeded, even though it was not that easy: they had to take care of waterproofing the wood with foil and pumping extra water out when it rains. On top of that, they created another fascinating site for us and future generations to admire.

📌The Moses bridge, Halsteren, Netherlands:

The Gateshead Millennium Bridge

We have something to confess. Our list is far from being objective; we have our personal favorite. It is the Gateshead Millennium Bridge over the River Tyne, without a doubt!

Its nickname might hint at what is so special about it. Apparently, the Gateshead Millennium bridge reminds the locals of a blinking eye, and that’s why the structure is also known as the Tyne Blinking (Winking) Eye bridge.

Not only does it look contemporary and sharp:

But it also blinks. Literally.

The Gateshead Millennium Bridge is the first tilting bridge in the world. It was designed for cyclists and pedestrians, but it also must allow the river traffic to pass underneath. So, the engineers found a way to use 6 hydraulic rams to tilt the entire load of 850,000 kilograms as a single structure.

The Gateshead Millennium bridge is a unique combination of an engineering marvel and an architectural eye candy. If you ever have a chance to see the tilting structure over the Tyne river, don’t miss it, and tell us everything about it, we beg of you.

📌The Gateshead Millennium bridge, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK:

The ‘Curl-and-Roll’ Bridge (officially known as the Rolling Bridge)

Mr. Thomas Heatherwick, an English designer whose projects have been adding style and identity to many places and events all around the world, conceived a truly extraordinary bridge.

The Rolling bridge at the Grand Union Canal (Paddington) in London is a transformer: it rolls into a ball as easily as a hedgehog and curls as neatly as a scorpion’s tail.

But enough talking. No words will ever paint the picture colorful and accurate enough: you just have to see this bridge in action. If you are not anywhere near the Paddington area, London, why not check out the Youtube video?

📌The Rolling bridge, London, UK:

‘The Bridge of Kisses’

This Russian bridge might look much less impressive than all our earlier picks. We didn’t choose it for beauty or engineering genius. In this case, it’s the story behind the structure over the Moyka river that counts. And the irony.

For decades, the Bridge of Kisses in Saint Petersburg has been a sacred place for couples and newlyweds. They have believed that:

  • if you are saying goodbye and want the separation to be as short as possible, you should kiss your loved one in the middle of the bridge;
  • if you want your love to last, take your sweetheart to the bridge and try crossing it and kissing at the same time (the longer your lips don’t part, the longer you will be together);
  • if you want your marriage to be as solid as a chunk of metal, put a lock on the Bridge of Kisses on your wedding day.

The couples of Saint Petersburg have believed all those things and have been following the traditions.

How did the bridge get its fame as a Love Guardian? There have been a couple of versions. Some people say that the bridge is located right by the city’s old exit. That is why there was a lot of kissing: the people, leaving or arriving, were saying their hellos and goodbyes to their loved ones. According to another speculation, the bridge was associated with kisses because there used to be a city prison near it — another potential center of frequent emotional scenes.

Not long ago, some historians discovered that the bridge actually got its name after a man whose surname sounded like the Russian word ‘Kisses’ (Potseluev). He was a famous person in the city as he owned a popular pub next to the bridge. The locals called the pub by the owner’s surname, and then the habit extended to the nearby bridge.

We don’t know what is more ironic: that the pub owner happened to have such a romantic surname or that people tend to alter facts to look and sound closer to what they would like the reality to be.

Nevertheless, we find the story rather amusing and are happy to see such wonderful little traditions and beliefs appear because of a bridge.

If you are in Saint Petersburg with your sweetheart, you know the best place for a long kiss. Here are the coordinates.

📌The Bridge of Kisses (the Potseluev bridge), Saint Petersburg, Russia:

Living Root Bridges

All the bridges we have listed above would not exist if it wasn’t for the brilliance of human minds and the skill of hands. The bridges we are going to talk about in our final paragraph appeared thanks to the partnership with the world’s ultimate architect — nature. Probably, this is why they leave a much deeper impression.

Indian villages have more than a hundred living root bridges, and recently the authorities have asked to add them to the list of UNESCO world heritage sites. We hope they will succeed, as the bridges are more than unique. Their history, structure, and beauty deserve to be looked out for.

📌Living Root bridges, the state of Meghalaya, India:

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Bridge Construction: How to Finance It?  https://www.forthroadbridge.org/bridge-construction-how-to-finance-it/ Tue, 06 Sep 2022 11:48:20 +0000 https://www.forthroadbridge.org/?p=111 Constructing a bridge is expensive! Even residential bridges cost a good amount of money. Finance is important when looking to […]

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Constructing a bridge is expensive! Even residential bridges cost a good amount of money. Finance is important when looking to build a bridge around your home or community. So how can you finance bridge construction? 

Let’s look at what determines the cost of a bridge and possible ways to finance it. Would you need to get a small size loan from lenders like Monetti or look for other means of funding?

A Brief Overview 

You should budget a good amount of money for the construction of a basic bridge for personal use. A bridge intended for general pedestrian traffic may cost a lot. It will be about a quarter of a million if valued in dollars.

A larger bridge for a road might potentially cost tens of millions or more, depending on its size and construction materials. The type of materials used, the size of the bridge, and its design all have an impact on construction costs. If a wooden bridge is built at the back or front of your home, it will cost less than concrete and iron. 

So, the cost of building a bridge depends on a number of factors. We’ll discuss the costs associated with building various types of bridges as well as the variables that influence those prices. 

Pedestrian Overpass

In general, pedestrian bridges are designed primarily for foot traffic. Small bridges in parks to enormous boardwalks that can carry a large number of people and structures are all included in the category of pedestrian bridges. Due to the wide range of forms, sizes, and shapes, pedestrian bridge prices are highly variable. This type of bridge that can comfortably hold between 10 and 20 people at once should cost at the very least $250,000 if standard bridge construction materials are used. Viaconto personal loan might not be sufficient for this kind of project since it is designed for small businesses and personal use. A community contribution or grant is recommended for projects that cost this much.

Landscape expenses, labor charges, and permits all add to the cost. For example, land permits can cost a bit but not as much as the amount needed for construction.  

The Type of Material

Take note that the material of choice will greatly impact the bridge’s total cost. Concrete, steel, and wood are the most popular materials used for the construction of bridges. Typically, wood has the lowest initial cost of any material. A bridge made completely of wood will regrettably require ongoing repair. However, it’s economical to build and maintain. In fact, a loan from Vivus can cover the cost.

However, a bridge made from steel may not require repair or reconstruction for a longer period. Steel is sturdy and long-lasting but also heavy and prone to corrosion. A steel bridge may be more difficult to build depending on where it is located since it needs to be built using heavy machinery. Costs go up because it becomes logistically difficult for heavy vehicles to access paths that are farther away. 

Alternative Economical Material 

A bridge can also be constructed using aluminum. Aluminum is sturdy and resistant to corrosion. Although it is less heavy than steel, heavy machinery is still needed. The downside is cracking. After some years,  cracking is a potential risk with aluminum. Shiny aluminum is not often desired for a pedestrian bridge’s aesthetics. 

Another material is polymer reinforced by fiber. It is a strong, lightweight, and low-maintenance material for building the bridge. Although bridges made with this material may be costly, they are the least expensive in the long run because of their extended lifespan. A bridge constructed with polymer has a design life of 100 years before needing repair or replacement.

The Role of Size and Intended Use in Finance 

Construction cost is heavily influenced by the type of material chosen and the quantity required. Mandatory environment is equally important. An understanding of the environmental limits will determine things to be incorporated into the bridge design. You might need to perform a geotechnical analysis or a flood study of the area to fully comprehend what is needed.

Seas and Waters

Regardless of size, the expense of building the bridge over a body of water will affect the design. The cost of constructing a bridge is ultimately determined by the size of the bridge, the material chosen, safety considerations, labor needs, and other connected expenditures. Because they are typically built in space, bridges are highly expensive to build. It is necessary to create anything with better structural safety standards than something that is lying on solid ground with nothing but a structure or solid ground underneath it because it will be suspended over open air, water, and other risks. As a result, the building requires more materials, more engineering, and pricier construction methods.

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Evolution of Bridge Construction over the Years  https://www.forthroadbridge.org/evolution-of-bridge-construction-over-the-years/ Fri, 26 Aug 2022 11:03:23 +0000 https://www.forthroadbridge.org/?p=107 Are you familiar with popular bridges? Perhaps you know of the famous Brooklyn bridge or others spread across many cities […]

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Are you familiar with popular bridges? Perhaps you know of the famous Brooklyn bridge or others spread across many cities in the world. Smaller-sized bridges made with wood may be a familiar sight for people in rural areas or third-world countries. Whatever the case, bridges in every place serve the same purpose. Sometimes a bridge is placed over water to connect one part of a road to another. Or when the surface beneath is rough & unusable. While a bridge is mainly used over water bodies in ancient times, there is more use for it nowadays. In some cities, the bridge connects roads on highways or within the city center even when there is no water body. It’s also a new way of easing traffic, among other things. 

However, before bridges were built with concrete and iron, wood or stones were the major materials used thousand years ago. How has the construction of bridges evolved over the years? Let’s see how it started and what the present design of bridges has become. 

Stone Age 

The earliest humans had difficulty crossing water bodies. With little to no technology, they were restricted when it came to crossing water. As for saturated areas, the ancient world found a way to walk such land areas using stone bridges. Popular as stepping stones, this 6,000-year-old technique was common in England and a few places. Solid stones, especially rocky ones, were placed on marshy grounds to enable people to walk over them. The stones form a solid surface, preventing people from sinking into the mud. This must have worked for a period. However, it had limitations. When people wanted to move from one location to another over a body of deep water, then putting stones on the floor wasn’t a good option. In fact, it didn’t work. So, humans advanced and devised a new method — the use of logs/ trees. 

Wooden Bridges

The earliest form of wooden bridge was simply a fallen tree placed over a river or lake. One part of the tree is placed on the side of the road, and another side is at the other end. This allows people to walk over the log of wood. At times, the wood used is fallen trees. Sometimes later, trees intentionally fell to be used as a bridge. 

For example, the bridge in upper Lake Zürich, Switzerland, is made of timber. The use of wooden bridges also evolved. The ancient city of Rome improved the wood bridges using well-cut and shaped wood. And sometimes, later, the technology of wooden brides was upgraded. At this time, like the popular bridge constructed by Puspagupta in India, chains were introduced in bridge construction. The chain held the wood together firmly to give resistance against flood. 

The history and evolution of wooden bridges continued for centuries. Later, the use of nails and screws was introduced as reinforcement. Although modern structures have replaced a good number of wooden bridges, some have been retained for cultural and aesthetic values. 

Iron and Concrete 

In the early 1900s, iron bridges started to become popular. Stefan Bryła is one of the first set of people to be associated with constructing welded bridges. Iron bridges were more reliable than wooden types. Strength and durability were the major benefits of this evolution. And it was on this improvement that bridges were built for the next 50 years. New designs of bridges were constructed with a mixture of steel and concrete. Engineers developed intricate designs to ensure stability, durability, and strength while paying attention to aesthetics. The goal of bridge designers now goes beyond “simply building.” Attention to architectural design is now important. Little wonder many, many bridges across Europe, Asia, and America are more than just a means of movement — many have become tourist attractions. The new approach to bridge construction focuses on the use of concrete and steel. Steel is mixed with concrete to create pillars that serve as a foundation for the bridge and are also used as cables to hold the entire structure in place. 

Advanced research has also helped in terms of knowing the weight bridges can bear and constructing with expansion in mind. So this enables builders to take necessary measures that guarantee safety at all times. 

Maintenance

Part of bridge construction is maintenance. Like every type of construction, bridges need maintenance to keep standing. A bridge is periodically examined to ascertain its condition and arrange necessary fixes. 

Bridge construction is by no means an easy task. It requires precision and meticulous effort. First, engineers have to study the location before a bridge is erected. Lots of calculations and plans priced the actual building process. During the building process, monitoring is essential to ensure things are going as planned. So not only has the goal of a bridge changed significantly over the years, the method of construction has changed too. 

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ARUP https://www.forthroadbridge.org/arup/ Mon, 13 Jun 2022 09:32:00 +0000 https://www.forthroadbridge.org/?p=72 ARUP is a global consulting services firm that provides top-notch civil engineering solutions to its clients.

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ARUP is a global consulting services firm that provides top-notch civil engineering solutions to its clients. ARUP is currently considered one of the top largest international design firms in the world with various notable projects including the Beijing National Stadium, the Millennium Bridge, and Stonecutters Bridge. Some of the services ARUP provides include advisory services for sustainable projects, wind engineering and earthquake engineering solutions for various structures, and Building Information modeling solutions.

ARUP has been able to provide structural engineering solutions to various bridge structures by using midas Civil as a structural analysis and design software. One example is the Stonecutters Bridge in Kowloon, Hongkong. The Stonecutters bridge is considered the world’s second longest spanning cable-stayed bridge with a main span of 1,080m. Due to its large span, the bridge was exposed to various dynamic forces including aerodynamic forces. Therefore, complex structural analysis was required for the bridge. In order to perform such analyses, midas Civil was used as a structural software in order to perform various analyses including Construction Stage analysis with time-dependent effects, cable tension optimization, and geometric nonlinear analysis.

ARUP not only provides state-of-the-art bridge engineering solutions to its clients but also aesthetic integrity to its bridge design. One award winning project by ARUP, the Helix Bridge in Singapore, clearly shows how ARUP is able to provide engineering solutions while saving the aesthetic integrity of a structure. The Helix Bridge design was inspired by the double-helix structure of a human DNA. However, at first, the design of the helix structure appeared to be structurally unstable and uncapable of carrying substantial loads. In order to tackle this problem, ARUP used its own engineering software to design a method that could make the Helix bridge structurally safe. In the end, ARUP was able to design a steel tubular truss bridge that kept the design of the helix structure of a human DNA. By doing so, ARUP was able to please all the companies involved in delivering this complicated project.

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T.Y. Lin International https://www.forthroadbridge.org/ty-lin-international/ Sat, 04 Jun 2022 09:31:00 +0000 https://www.forthroadbridge.org/?p=69 T.Y. Lin International (TYLI) is recognized as a global, multi-disciplinary engineering firm with profound knowledge in design and engineering of bridges.

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T.Y. Lin International (TYLI) is recognized as a global, multi-disciplinary engineering firm with profound knowledge in design and engineering of bridges. As one of the largest bridge design firms in the world, TYLI has proven that there are no challenges when it comes to building bridges, especially long-span bridges. Furthermore, TYLI provides construction engineering and planning, seismic analysis and retrofit, structural analysis and engineering for any kind of bridges including suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, segmental bridges, etc.

One of the most iconic bridge TYLI has been involved is the Weirton-Steubenville bridge in Ohio, USA. The Weirton-Steubenville bridge is an asymmetrical cable-stayed bridge with a single inverted Y-tower and I-shaped plate girders. TYLI provided engineering consultancy of the bridge by providing construction stage analysis and cable tension optimization of the bridge structure. Such complex analyses performed using the various features provided in midas Civil software. Furthermore, in addition to the 3D analysis of the bridge structure, detailed analysis for the anchor block was performed.

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History of bridge construction https://www.forthroadbridge.org/history-of-bridge-construction/ Thu, 02 Jun 2022 08:20:00 +0000 https://www.forthroadbridge.org/?p=27 Bridge building was also practiced in the epoch of primitive society. The prototype of a bridge could be a log thrown over a stream or a ravine, or suspension bridges, woven from ropes, with light planking suspended from them and fixed on the opposite sides of a canyon.

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Bridge building was also practiced in the epoch of primitive society. The prototype of a bridge could be a log thrown over a stream or a ravine, or suspension bridges, woven from ropes, with light planking suspended from them and fixed on the opposite sides of a canyon. These structures helped man to overcome obstacles on his way. The ancient Oriental and ancient slave-holding states built better wooden and stone bridges. We know about the construction of wooden bridge Siblicius in Rome (630 B.C.), arch bridge over the Danube consisting of 21 spans of 36 m each (Troyan Bridge, 103 A.D.). The spans were covered with wooden arches and rested on tall concrete piers lined with stone.

Among the most remarkable constructions in Roman architecture are the arcades of aqueducts, one of which is the bridge of Garda (II c. A.D.). The Garde Aqueduct crosses the deep valley of the River Gard near the city of Nîmes in France. The lower tier of the arcade, 21.6 m high and 6.36 m wide, consists of six arches and carries a second tier, 21.5 m high and 4.56 m wide. The third tier has a height of 7.82 m and a width of 3.06 m, and is fed by an aqueduct. In this level there are 35 small arches. The total height of the structure is 48.77 meters. The length of the aqueduct is 275 metres along the top, 242 metres along the second tier and 142 metres along the lower arcade. The arches of the first tier and the arches of the second tier above them coincide vertically. The number of small arches of the third tier above the middle arch, wider than the others, is four, and three each above the others.

The combination of the spans and piers in the complex tier system, designed in arched forms and with clearly defined proportions, was conducive to the creation of a perfect artistic composition of the bridge.

The aqueduct also served as a bridge for horseback riding, thanks to the 90 centimetre narrower second tier on the ledge. In the 14th century, the lower part of the second tier uprights was undercut and the distance to the ledge was widened by another 1.5 metres, and the cross-section of the uprights was weakened by 1/3 of its cross-section. The bridge stayed like that for another 400 years. In XVIII century it was restored and a bridge was added to the lower stage, having precisely repeated the outlines of the arched spans, piers and the height of the second stage.

Roman architects and builders used semi-circular vaults and pozzolanic concrete in constructing the bridges, and constructed tongue and groove railings and pile foundations. To reduce the construction time, a modular system of elements was used: supports of the same width, which were 1/2-1/3 of the span’s size, were repeating spans.

The general shape of the bridges, built by Romans, was notable for its individuality and harmoniously blended in with the environment, in what ancient architects had reached high art.

In the next centuries during the construction of bridges along with stone they began to apply high-strength brick and more gentle arches, the sizes of spans overlapped increased and more perfect outlines of the bridges were found, which contributed to the change of their shape. However, Roman bridges and aqueducts will forever remain unsurpassed monumental structures of the time (Fig. 5.3).

Historical monuments testify about achievement of high level of technique in processing stone for erection of cult buildings, construction of roads, bridges and tunnels by ancient civilizations of Incas and Aztecs in VI-VII centuries in South America.

Around 1350 in the Inca state a suspension bridge with a span of 90 meters was built over the Apurimac river gorge. The base of the structure was ropes with a diameter of 90-100 cm, woven from the fibers of American agave. At the approach to the bridge a 100-meter tunnel was built in the rocks. The bridge was in use for 540 years and was not replaced until 1890.

Hanging bridges, similar in design, were also built in China, in some parts of Central Asia and Transcaucasia.

After the collapse of the Roman Empire in V century A.D. the development of bridge-building slowed down for a few centuries. It was the period of the Middle Ages. In the first half of the Middle Ages, in the epoch of feudalism, there was no evident progress in the field of bridge building. They continued to build massive stone bridges and partly wooden ones on piles. Bridges were also built in ancient Byzantium. Bridges had lancet or more gentle circular arches.

In the VI-VII centuries, trade routes moved to Italy and France. During this period, there is a need to build new bridges and reconstruct old ones on the routes for the movement of goods. Especially many bridges are built in France and later in England. Large bridge crossings were erected by special brigades, the so-called “bridge brothers”, established at the monasteries. During this period, outstanding bridges in architecture and size were built in the south of France. The bridge over the Rhone at Avignan (1178-1187). The bridge builders used circular masonry vaults in the tradition of ancient Rome.

One of the most beautiful bridges of that time was the bridge-fortress built in the mid-13th century across the Lot River in Cahors. The bridge was guarded by three combat towers. The architecture of the bridge was based on the alternation of arched arches on high piers and watchtowers reflected in the river water. The most famous is the Ségué Bridge, built in France in 1336. It is a single-span bridge with a semi-circular vault. The bridge has a span of 45.45 m, the thickness of the vault in the lock is 1.3 m, and the width of the vault is 4.0 m. The width of the carriageway on the top of the bridge was 2.5 m, with sidewalks on both sides. Above the large vault, vaulted openings of 8.0 m span were arranged. The vault of the bridge was built of roughly hewn stones. In 1741, the bridge was repaired and reconstructed by reducing the steepness of the entrances.

In Italy in 1356 the bridge in Verona is erected, which has three spans with arches of low (1:4) circular shape. The largest span is 48.7 m, the width of the deck on the bridge is 6.5 m. The lower part of the bulls is faced with red and white marble. The marble blocks were 0.56 m thick, and 2.0 m long. Above everything was made of brick, only the sides of the vaults were lined with limestone. But most interesting is the architecture of the bridge in the form of a fence with dovetail ends. The appearance of the bridge with loopholes and towers has a typical medieval military appearance.

In the 1370s the Vieille Brioude Bridge was built. The vault of the bridge was circular and spanned a span of 54.26m, with a gib of 18.8m. The bridge was built of volcanic stone on a lime mortar. This bridge had the highest span until it collapsed in 1822.

The desire to increase the spans of bridges was due to the difficulty of laying the foundations for supports in the rivers. More than one generation of bridge-builders worked out technical methods of making foundations for the supports during XIII-XIX centuries.

An example of a solid foundation for supports is the bridge 81. – The bridge was built in 1265-1307. The thickness of the piers was 1: 3 spans. The foundations for the abutments are very wide, presumably on a wooden plinth, built on a stone scaffolding.

The use of small spans and shallow arches avoided steep entrances to the bridge and made it possible to build city stone bridges. Urban bridges not only served the function of crossing various obstacles, they also accommodated dwellings and commercial houses, in which case the bridge bed was of greater width. The width of Notre-Dame Bridge in Paris built in 1507 was 23.6 m. The bridge had semi-circular arches and small spans of 16-17 m.

In the 16th-17th centuries, the development of wheeled transport influenced a further decrease in the steepness of entries on bridges, especially city bridges. Vaults became gently box-shaped and were widespread in the XVIII century. The thickness of the beams decreased to 1:5 of the span, the foundations under the beams in the form of a stone scaffold were rejected. Pile foundations were placed 1.5-1.8 m below the water surface, and then 4.5 m.

The bridge in Toulouse took 90 years to build, from 1542 to 1632. It had seven asymmetrically placed spans of 14.4 to 34.4 m. The spans were covered by box vaults resting on stone piers. The bridge deck was supported by brick walls with ornamental holes above the piers. The slope of the bridge deck was more than 4%.

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Construction https://www.forthroadbridge.org/construction/ Mon, 23 May 2022 08:30:00 +0000 https://www.forthroadbridge.org/?p=33 As a rule, bridges consist of spans and piers. Span structures are used to absorb loads and transmit them to the supports

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As a rule, bridges consist of spans and piers. Span structures are used to absorb loads and transmit them to the supports; they can carry the roadway, crosswalk, and pipeline. The supports transfer the loads from the superstructures to the foundation of the bridge.

Span structures consist of load-bearing structures: beams, trusses, diaphragms (cross beams) and the actual slab of the roadway. The structural arrangement of the span structures can be arch, beam, frame, cable-stayed or combined; it determines the type of bridge by design. Usually the spans are straight, but if necessary (e.g., when building overpasses and road junctions) they are given a complex shape: spiral, circular, etc.

Span structures are supported by supports, each consisting of a foundation and a supporting part. The forms of the supports can be quite diverse. The intermediate supports are called catwalks, and the abutments are called piers. The abutments serve to connect the bridge with the embankments.

The materials used for bridges are metal (steel and aluminium alloys), reinforced concrete, concrete, natural stone, wood, and ropes.

Parameters of bridges
A bridge diagram is a formula that sequentially presents the dimensions of the design spans – the distances between the centers of the supporting parts of the spans. If several consecutive piers have the same size, their number multiplied by the size of each pier is given. For example (fictional “bridge”), the layout of the bridge 5+3×10+4 m means that the first span of the bridge has a calculated span – 5 meters, the next three – 10 meters each and the fifth – 4 meters.

Bridge construction
The first (and the most expensive – up to 50% of the total construction cost) stage of the bridge is the construction of the piers. The piers are built in open trenches or by sinking piles, lowering wells, caissons or prefabricated casing into the ground. Piles (mostly reinforced concrete) are mainly used in the construction of small and medium-sized bridges. They are sunk into the ground with the help of diesel hammers and electric vibro-loaders. For the construction of large bridges prefabricated casing with a diameter of up to 3 m are mainly used. At present, the most popular pile foundation is the foundation on bored piles (BPP), which are built by drilling in the casing of the inventory pipe. This design is used both onshore and offshore.

The spans are usually set on the supports by assembly cranes. For large bridges, the superstructure is often assembled onshore and then shifted (thrusted) on supports from one bank to the other. The hinged installation method involves extending the structure from the bridge abutment to the span. In this case, the hinged installation with a crane moving on the already built part (for metal spans) or hinged assembly with the manufacture of individual elements in the factory and their subsequent transportation to the site (for reinforced concrete) is used.

Since the mid 90’s of the XX century, the technology of manufacturing plate-ribbed spans of monolithic prestressed reinforced concrete began to be used. This technology has a number of advantages in comparison with the construction of prefabricated spans.

Construction of suspended bridges is done differently: it starts with installation of pylons; then temporary cables are suspended on them.

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JACOBS https://www.forthroadbridge.org/jacobs/ Sun, 22 May 2022 09:27:00 +0000 https://www.forthroadbridge.org/?p=63 Jacobs is an international professional firm that provides services in the fields of engineering, architecture, and construction.

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Jacobs is an international professional firm that provides services in the fields of engineering, architecture, and construction. It has been ranked #1 design and engineering firm in the world by the Engineering News-Record (ENR) and Trenchless Technology. Some of Jacobs’ most outstanding projects include the Metrolinx transit program, the Queensferry crossing, and the Dubai Water Canal. Jacobs is also considered a company that sets records. For example, Jacobs achieved the world record for the longest continuous underwater concrete pouring (15 days of continuous pouring 24/7) for the Queensferry crossing bridge. Furthermore, Jacobs’ Eastlink, Seattle to South Bellevue Segment (I-90) is the world’s first light rail track construction on a floating bridge.

Jacobs is a company that strongly emphasizes the Industry 4.0 digital revolution and has been applying several new techniques to its projects. One interesting method is their newly implemented Jacobs Intelligent Operations Network (ion) that includes applications that tackle security and site safety, and also provides digitalized solutions for various architectural and engineering platforms. Furthermore, another method was the Intelligent Transport System that was applied to the Queensferry crossing bridge that includes an innovative technology that reduced traffic congestion in the bridge.

Jacobs has been able to provide various engineering solutions to various projects by using the different software MIDAS provides. Recently, Jacobs has been working on the West Gate Tunnel project in Melbourne Australia which include complex elements such as Tub girders. These tub girders have complex geometries but provide high torsional rigidity. Furthermore, tub girders are faster to erect and easier to inspect so engineers for this project decided to choose tub girders as their deck element. Various MIDAS Civil construction stage analysis functions were used to evaluate the different phases of tub girder construction. Furthermore, by using MIDAS Civil design modules, engineers were able to check key design factors, including moment, shear, buckling, and constructability.

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HDR, Inc. https://www.forthroadbridge.org/hdr-inc/ Sat, 21 May 2022 09:29:00 +0000 https://www.forthroadbridge.org/?p=66 HDR is a U.S. design firm that specializes in various services including engineering, architecture, environmental

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HDR is a U.S. design firm that specializes in various services including engineering, architecture, environmental, and construction. HDR is currently ranked as No.6 design firm in the world with various famous projects such as the Hoover Dam Bypass, Singapore Changi Airport, and the Tappan Zee Bridge Replacement. Furthermore, HDR is a company that is known as an employee-owned company, or Employee stock ownership, where employees are given company’s stock as part of the bonus or compensation.

HDR is also known for its world-renowned knowledge and expertise in bridge design and engineering. With more than 600 bridge specialists working on various complex and challenging bridges, HDR has provided innovative solutions to its various bridge projects around the world. Moreover, by using the latest technologies such as BIM, structural health monitoring systems, and accelerated bridge construction approach, HDR has been able to achieve its client’s goals.

One engineering technique HDR is very proud of is its advanced Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) technique. This technique is used for replacement of bridges that have been damaged or aged over time. HDR focuses on two very popular methods: The first ABC method includes transporting and replacing a bridge with a completely new structure. This method is carried out by building a completely new bridge on temporary piers next to the bridge that must be replaced. When the new bridge is completed, the old bridge is demolished and the new bridge is transported by modular transporters. The second ABC method HDR is famous for is its prefabrication of the replacement structure using modular parts. By doing so, the quality of the new structure will be met and construction time will be greatly reduced.

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Bridges of China https://www.forthroadbridge.org/bridges-of-china/ Tue, 10 May 2022 09:15:00 +0000 https://www.forthroadbridge.org/?p=59 Puli Bridge is located in the southernmost Chinese province of Yunnan.

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Puli Bridge, China: the highest automobile bridge, 485 m
Puli Bridge is located in the southernmost Chinese province of Yunnan. Its length is 1,790 m, which is quite modest for China, which is prone to gigantomania. But the height is impressive even for the Celestial Empire – one shouldn’t look down while driving on the bridge. However, for real tourists – the higher the better, so many travelers specifically go to Yunnan for dizzying selfies and impressions.

The decking offers a beautiful view of the Ghexiang River gorge and the impenetrable jungle of South China. Especially for the lovers of beautiful scenery, there are walking paths on the bridge.

Siduhe Bridge, China: The tallest wide-bay bridge at 496 meters
The Siduhe Bridge was designed at such a high altitude that it had to be built with… rockets. Engineers used to tie kilometers of steel cables to the rockets and then launch them. That’s the only way to throw the cables over the deep ravine over which the bridge spans.

It was commissioned in 2009 and connected in a straight line the two important Chinese megacities of Shanghai and Chongqing. The bridge is 1,222 meters long and has 6 lanes for vehicular traffic. Until 2016 the bridge was the highest in the world, but even now it remains the pride of Hubei province, which is sure to show tourists.

Duge Bridge, China: the highest cable-stayed bridge, 565 m
In 2016 the highest bridge in China, the Duge Bridge, was opened, under which a half-kilometer chasm gapes. It connects China’s southern provinces of Guizhou and Yunnan, spanning 1,340 meters. The original plan was to place the structure much lower. But the engineers were hindered on both sides by karst caves in the local mountains. The planners had to raise the height of the structure over and over again, and eventually it made it into… the Guinness Book of Records.

It is considered to be the highest cable-stayed bridge on the planet and is second only to the bridge on the Russky Island by the length of the main span (720 m). The bridge is actively visited by tourists. Interestingly, the guidebooks recommend them to take cameras “for aerial photography” – so high is the height of the construction!

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